Bernardino Ramazzini's De Morbis Artificum Diatriba on Workers' Health-the Birth of a New Discipline.

This paper provides a picture of the observations made over three hundred years ago by Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) in light of current topical issues ranging from health problems related to work and lifestyle habits to the current burdensome COVID-19 pandemic. The main aspects of his work consist of descriptions of disorders linked to environmental risks, suggestions for measures for risk protection, and recommendations for healthy living. This paper focuses on Ramazzini's most relevant achievements by (1) analyzing the episodes that stimulated the composition of his main work and highlighting some observations on which current epidemiological and toxicological studies are based; (2) reviewing his work showing not only the systematic descriptions of work-related illnesses caused by occupational factors but also his sound etiological and physiopathological contributions to the field of occupational lung diseases, breast cancer, and environmental disorders; and (3) remarking on his main observations in the fields of risk prevention and health promotion, also in the light of some highly topical issues related to unhealthy lifestyle habits and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Adolf Thierry and the first pharmaceutical factory in Southeast Europe.

The paper explores the beginnings of pharmaceutical industry development in Croatia and the establishment of the first pharmaceutical factory in Southeast Europe. Adolf Thierry de Chateauvieux (St. Pölten, 1854 - Pregrada, 1920), a nobleman hailing from France, immigrated to Croatia at the end of the 19 th century. He bought the Angjelu cuvaru ( Guardian Angel ) pharmacy (1892) in the small town of Pregrada and established the first pharmaceutical factory (1894) in this part of Europe. The factory had an equipped laboratory, a production facility, a storage room for raw materials and balsams, a room for packaging and shipping finished products and a commercial office. Production was mainly based on herbal remedies. The most famous were Thierry's Balsam and Thierry's Centifolia Ointment, both registered and patented in London (1900). By virtue of Adolf Thierry's entrepreneurial spirit and skilful product advertisement, his medicinal preparations were distributed across Europe, America, India and Africa, a testament to which is the well-preserved and researched documentation.

The First 75 Years Timeline of United States Army Preventive, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and Public Health History.

In 2017, the US Army Public Health Center (USAPHC) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, celebrated its 75th Anniversary. The organization began in 1942 at The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, as the US Army Industrial Hygiene Laboratory to provide Occupational Medicine, Industrial Hygiene and other Occupational Health services in support of the World War II military industrial base. In 1945, the organization moved to the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground and underwent organizational changes, mission changes and name changes. In 1960 it was renamed the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency or AEHA, and under that name was widely recognized for significant accomplishments in Occupational and Environmental Health. In 1994, it became the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) and took on an expanded role in Public Health. A later reorganization brought in Veterinary services. In 2015, it became the USAPHC. This publication provides a timeline of important accomplishments, mission modifications, administrative changes, challenges and threats in the organization's first 75 years. To help readers put these events in perspective, abbreviated timelines of significant events in military and civilian Preventive, Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Public Health history, legal and regulatory actions related to Public Health and US military history are also included.

[Actuality and originality in the scientific thought of Angelo Iannaccone (1925 - 1982).] / Attualità e originalità nel pensiero e nell'azione scientifica del Prof. Angelo Iannaccone (1925 - 1982).

SUMMARY: Background. Angelo Iannaccone is certainly one of the most important personalities in the field of occupational medicine of the last century. Aims. The fiftieth anniversary of the Post-graduate School of Occupational Medicine of the Catholic University of Rome gives us the opportunity to define this extraordinary figure of man and scientist, at over 35 years from his death. Results. Prof. Iannaccone was among the very first, if not the first to deal with chronobiology and occupational ergonomics in Italy, adopting the modern perspective of "upstream" prevention, since the design phase, which had to be based on the adaptation of work to man and not vice versa. He carried out important and pioneering studies on the effects of benzene on the hematopoietic apparatus and of various industrial toxicants on the neuroendocrine system. In establishing the formative principles for the occupational physician, he devoted a significant space to industrial hygiene, in the interdisciplinary perspective of prevention sciences. He gave a significant contribution to the scientific society of occupational medicine, first as a member of the board, then as the president of the Italian Society of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene. He realized the Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Catholic University of Rome and founded the post-graduate school. Conclusions. Prof. Iannaccone's contribution to occupational health and industrial hygiene emphasized applied research and prevention in the workplace.

Socialized occupational medicine in Israel: past, present, and future.

Occupational health in Israel is unique as it was originally established as a socialized service which anchored in extensive legislation and is accessible to all employees and employers without copayment. We review historical processes and legal basis that led to current structure of public occupational medicine services in Israel. Some of these go back a century and others extend way back to biblical times. Representative case studies from the field are used to illustrate its scope of practice. Legislative changes that exempted the employers from participation in financing occupational health have led to severe budget cuts, jeopardizing the future provision and key principles of occupational healthcare. We discuss future aspects of recommended development vectors for policy making that will preserve the structure of occupational health services and benefits it offers to all workers in Israel.

Dupla jornada de trabalho: repercussões para a saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem / Double working hours: repercussions on the health of nursing workers

Objeto de estudo: A dupla jornada de trabalho dos trabalhadores de enfermagem Objetivos: Identificar os motivos que impulsionam os trabalhadores de enfermagem a adotar uma dupla jornada de trabalho; Analisar a dinâmica de trabalho dos trabalhadores de enfermagem com dupla jornada de trabalho à luz da psicodinâmica do trabalho; Discutir as repercussões da dupla jornada de trabalho para a saúde dos trabalhadores de enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 30 trabalhadores de enfermagem captados pela técnica snowball, na cidade de Eunápolis, Bahia, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre os meses de janeiro e março de 2019, utilizou-se de formulário para identificação do perfil dos participantes e uma entrevista semiestruturada. As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas com auxílio do software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Resultados: A análise dos depoimentos resultou em cinco classes de análise: A precarização do trabalho de enfermagem; Aspirações e necessidades dos trabalhadores de enfermagem; O cotidiano dos trabalhadores de enfermagem com dupla jornada de trabalho; As relações de trabalho e as estratégias defensivas e As repercussões da dupla jornada de trabalho para a saúde dos trabalhadores de enfermagem. Os resultados mostraram que, a dupla jornada de trabalho na enfermagem retrata uma forte influência do modelo neoliberal sobre o processo de trabalho da enfermagem aliado a um processo implícito de auto-aceleração demandado pelo capitalismo e mascarado por uma questão cultural relacionada à facilidade de conciliar múltiplos empregos. Os resultados revelaram ainda que a dinâmica de trabalho dos trabalhadores de enfermagem com dupla jornada de trabalho é marcada por negociações com gestores, coordenadores e colegas e, quanto mais rígida a organização de trabalho, menor a identificação do trabalhador com a instituição de trabalho, passando, este trabalhador, a se vincular mais fortemente a outra organização, por encontrar neste local a liberdade e flexibilidade que precisa para conseguir conciliar seus múltiplos vínculos. Os resultados também evidenciaram o comprometimento da saúde física, mental e social dos trabalhadores de enfermagem em decorrência da dupla jornada de trabalho. Conclusão: A dupla jornada de trabalho na enfermagem tem sido uma alternativa encontrada pelos trabalhadores da categoria diante da precarização do trabalho que assola o processo de trabalho da enfermagem. Além disso, esta prática, tornou-se uma cultura, mas que precisa ser repensada tendo em vista o seu potencial de causar adoecimento físico, mental e social aos trabalhadores de enfermagem.

Study object: The double working day of nursing workers. Objectives: Identify the reasons that drive nursing workers to adopt a double working day; Analyze the work dynamics of nursing workers with double working hours in the light of work psychodynamics; Discuss the repercussions of the double working day for the health of nursing workers. Methodology: Exploratory-descriptive study with qualitative approach, conducted with 30 nursing workers captured by the snowball technique, in the city of Eunápolis, Bahia, Brazil. Data collection occurred between January and March 2019, a form was used to identify the participants' profile and a semi-structured interview. The interviews were recorded in audio, transcribed and analyzed with the help of the software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Results: The analysis of the statements resulted in five classes of analysis: The precariousness of nursing work; Aspirations and needs of nursing workers; The daily life of nursing workers with double working hours; Labor relations and defensive strategies and the repercussions of the double working day for the health of nursing workers. The results showed that the double working day in nursing portrays a strong influence of the neoliberal model on the nursing work process combined with an implicit process of self-acceleration demanded by capitalism and masked by a cultural issue related to the ease of reconciling multiple jobs. They also revealed that the working dynamics of nursing workers with double working hours is marked by negotiations with managers, coordinators and colleagues and the stricter the work organization, the less the identification of the worker with the organization, which begins to bind more strongly to the other organization, by finding there the freedom and flexibility it needs to be able to reconcile its multiple bonds. The results also showed the impairment of the physical, mental and social health of nursing workers as a result of the double working hours. Conclusion: The double working day in nursing has been an alternative found by the category workers in view of the precariousness of the work that plagues the nursing work process. In addition, this practice has become a culture, but it needs to be rethought in view of its potential to cause physical, mental and social illness to nursing workers.

Objeto de estudio: El doble día de trabajo de los trabajadores de enfermería. Objetivos: Identificar las razones que impulsan a los trabajadores de enfermería a adoptar un doble día de trabajo; Analizar la dinámica laboral de los trabajadores de enfermería con doble jornada laboral a la luz de la psicodinámica laboral; Discutir las repercusiones de la doble jornada laboral para la salud de los trabajadores de enfermería. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio- descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, realizado con 30 trabajadores de enfermería capturados por la técnica de la bola de nieve, en la ciudad de Eunápolis, Bahía, Brasil. La recopilación de datos se produjo entre enero y marzo de 2019, se utilizó un formulario para identificar el perfil de los participantes y una entrevista semiestructurada. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y analizadas con la ayuda de la Interfaz de R para R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Resultados: El análisis de las declaraciones dio lugar a cinco clases de análisis: La precesión del trabajo de enfermería; Aspiraciones y necesidades de los trabajadores de enfermería; La vida diaria de los trabajadores de enfermería con doble jornada laboral; Relacciones laborales y estrategias defensivas y las repercusiones de la doble jornada laboral para la salud de los trabajadores de enfermería. Los resultados mostraron que el doble día de trabajo en enfermería retrata una fuerte influencia del modelo neoliberal en el proceso de trabajo de enfermería combinado con un proceso implícito de autoaceleración exigido por el capitalismo y enmascarado por un tema cultural relacionado con la facilidad de conciliar múltiples puestos de trabajo. También revelaron que la dinámica de trabajo de los trabajadores de enfermería con doble jornada está marcada por negociaciones con gerentes, coordinadores y colegas y cuanto más estricta es la organización de trabajo, menor será la identificación del trabajador con el organización, que comienza a vincularse más fuertemente a la otra organización, al encontrar allí la libertad y flexibilidad que necesita para poder conciliar sus múltiples lazos. Los resultados también mostraron el deterioro de la salud física, mental y social de los trabajadores de enfermería como resultado de la doble jornada laboral. Conclusión: El doble día de trabajo en enfermería ha sido una alternativa encontrada por la categoría de trabajadores en vista de la precaria del trabajo que azota el proceso de trabajo de enfermería. Además, esta práctica se ha convertido en una cultura, pero hay que repensarla en vista de su potencial para causar enfermedades físicas, mentales y sociales a los trabajadores de enfermeira.

The first Industrial Hygiene Congresses in Milan.

The first Congress of the Italian Association of Industrial Hygienists was held in 1977. Nevertheless, at the end of the 19th century some issues concerning industrial hygiene had been discussed during the 3rd International Congress on Accidents and Social Insurance (Milan, October 1-6, 1894). A year later, the Milanese trade Unions held another Congress on this theme. In 1902 Leopoldo Sconfietti, an engineer, proposed a new system of air conditioning to be used in textile factories. After the EXPO 1906 in Milan, a museum devoted to Industrial Hygiene was opened in the city, but unfortunately it is now lost. Soon after the opening in 1910 of the Milanese "Clinica del Lavoro", the oldest Occupational Health Institute in the world, an International technical Congress devoted to Industrial Hygiene was held in Milan in May 1912, when the discipline became autonomous from Occupational Medicine and Social Insurance.

The first steps of industrial hygiene and occupational toxicology at the Clinica del Lavoro di Milano under the guidance of Luigi Devoto.

INTRODUCTION: The Clinica del Lavoro, the first clinic for occupational diseases of the world, was inaugurated in Milan on 20 March 1910; its first director was Luigi Devoto, who was in charge until 1935. The purpose of this work is to review the activities of industrial hygiene and toxicology carried out at the Clinica del Lavoro under the guidance of Devoto. METHODS: Documents published by the Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, a group of clinics of which the Clinica del Lavoro was part, record the birth and organization of this structure and the presence of a laboratory of chemistry; documents by Devoto and other authors were also retrieved to extrapolate specific information on activities of industrial hygiene and toxicology. RESULTS: The Clinica del Lavoro, at the time of its inauguration, included four laboratories: of chemistry, clinical physics, histopathology and bacteriology. The chemistry lab was located on the first floor and was composed of 6 well-lit rooms, modernly equipped with work benches that could accommodate 12 people. In Devoto's view, the chemistry laboratory, supported by that of clinical physics, had to assess the toxicological properties of chemicals commonly found in the workplace and to reveal the mechanisms of induction of damage to humans. In the first 30 years of activity, the Clinica del Lavoro investigated various diseases deriving from exposure to chemical agents, including saturnism, or lead intoxication, mercurialism, phosphorism, benzolism, sulfocarbonism, dust diseases. Several assays were developed and applied to measure toxicants in different biological and environmental mean as evidenced by scientific publications starting from 1920. CONCLUSION: In Devoto's view, industrial hygiene and toxicology were essential tools for the research and prevention of occupational diseases since the first years of activity of the Clinica del Lavoro.

The birth of modern industrial hygiene and occupational toxicology. A historical reconstruction through the analysis of the contributions of three protagonists.

BACKGROUND: The Clinica del Lavoro of Milan provided several contributions to industrial hygiene and occupational toxicology during the twentieth century. OBJECTIVES: Describe the first years of the laboratory of industrial hygiene of Milan through three figures who played a leading role: Enrico Carlo Vigliani, Nicola Zurlo and Gianmario Cavagna. METHODS: Scientific literature of the period 1948-1970 was investigated, also interviewing first-hand witnesses of that period. RESULTS: Enrico Vigliani was the first European scholar to understand the importance of a laboratory of industrial hygiene within his institution. Thanks to the support of private (Montecatini) and public (INAIL) institutions he succeeded in creating a laboratory in 1948. Nicola Zurlo, who directed this structure in the first thirty years, conducted innovative studies on chronic mercury intoxication, lead intoxication and silicosis, designing and creating instruments for capturing and analyzing atmospheric dust and protection devices. He conducted analysis of the health effects of organophosphorus insecticides and started to study the air pollution. Zurlo also provided an epistemological and methodological content to the discipline. Gianmario Cavagna, one of the first Italian toxicologists, contributed to the discovery of the origin of fevers caused by the inhalation of metal fumes and to the studies on the pathogenesis of byssinosis, hypothesizing a role of bacterial endotoxins in the genesis of this disease. CONCLUSIONS: The contributions provided by these three protagonists to industrial hygiene and occupational toxicology were relevant and made in those years the Clinica del Lavoro of Milan as a landmark, not only in Italy but also abroad.

A History of Industrial Hygiene: the Clinica del Lavoro in Milan and the Italian Association of Industrial Hygienists.

In 1969, the Italian Association of Industrial Hygienists (AIDII) was founded in Milan by Academics working at the Clinica del Lavoro, one of the oldest institutions for work prevention in the world and within the most prolific institutes in the world on Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene. AIDII was founded as a scientific association with the primary purpose of promoting the development, deepening and dissemination of Industrial Hygiene, the scientific discipline aimed at identifying, assessing and controlling chemical, physical and biological risk factors (as well as transversal risks) either inside or outside the workplace, which can alter the health and wellbeing status of workers and/or the general population, for the purpose of effective prevention and protection of human health. Over the decades, the activities of AIDII have evolved to meet some of the current needs and challenges, while remaining consistent with the basics set by the founders.

Bernardino Ramazzini: un pionero de la medicina del trabajo / Bernardino Ramazzini: a pioneer of work medicine

Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714), médico italiano, es considerado el padre de la medicina del trabajo por su tratado sobre las enfermedades de los trabajadores, publicado en latín hace más de 300 años. Su fecha de nacimiento, 4 de octubre, se ha tomado como el Día de la Medicina del Trabajo. Fue un precursor de la salud pública y de la seguridad y salud laborales. Se recuerda en este artículo la vida y obra de este eminente clínico, que poseía una amplia formación humanística. (AU)

Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714), an Italian doctor considered the father of occupational medicine, for his treatise about workers' diseases, published in Latin more than 300 years ago. His date of birth, October 4, is the Day of Occupational Medicine. It was a precursor to public health and occupational health and safety. This article recalls the life and work of this eminent clinician, who had an extensive humanistic training. (AU)

A century of the Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.

With this issue, the Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health celebrates 100 years of continuous publication since its foundation as the Journal of Industrial Hygiene in 1919. During its first century, the Archives established an extraordinary legacy in the development of no less than three fields of research and practice: (1) occupational medicine, (2) industrial hygiene, and (3) air pollution studies and regulation. Its contribution to American environmental protection standards in air quality was particularly important, as the journal served as a major outlet for crucial air pollution research during the early years of the new United States Environmental Protection Agency. Its pages also chart the development of occupational health as an independent field, as well as the later emergence of modern environmental health as a related co-discipline. As the Archives moves into its second century of continuous publication, the journal will continue shaping the fields of environmental and occupational health; building on the solid foundation of evidence-based research from which humankind continues to benefit.

Occupational medicine and occupational psychology: a rendezvous in Milan after World War II.

BACKGROUND: In the 1950s, occupational medicine and occupational psychology found a common field of action in the Clinica del Lavoro in Milan. OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze and document how this encounter took place and, in particular, the contribution of the Clinica del Lavoro to the development of occupational psychology in Italy. METHODS: Historical sources of that period were investigated. RESULTS: Before the 1950s, experimental psychology was only taught at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan. The first professor of clinical psychology in the School of Medicine at the State University of Milan, was Marcello Cesa-Bianchi (1926-2018). He collaborated with the graphic, textile and pharmaceutical industries for the personnel training and management, and carried out important research in occupational psychology on behalf of the European Coal and Steel Community. The Chair of Clinical Psychology was initially located in the Clinica del Lavoro and the activity of the team of Cesa-Bianchi was oriented towards the elaboration of professional profiles and job analysis. In those years Cesa-Bianchi also conducted pioneering research in the field of psycho-gerontology. CONCLUSIONS: The historical experience that integrated psychology and occupational medicine in the scientific context of Milan contains a series of values, useful to today's reflection and practice. Our work also undelines the importance of preserving historical documents: only a better knowledge of history can guarantee a better destiny.

How to be a great occupational physician: Lessons from Tar-Ching Aw.

Tar Ching Aw (1948-2017) or Ching, as he was known to many of us, was highly regarded as an excellent occupational physician and role model. He was an inspirational teacher, a selfless mentor and a great advocate for the discipline of occupational medicine. Among the lessons we can learn from Ching on how to be an excellent occupational physician are the importance of: getting the right training (including clinical training); having good teachers and role models; believing in and being passionate about one's work; delivering quality work on time; networking and being culturally sensitive; thinking of future generations and mentoring them; and having fun and a healthy work life balance.

Medicina del Trabajo y Seguridad Social una mirada desde Latinoamérica / Occupational Medicine and Social Security: a view from Latin America

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La Dirección de Higiene y Seguridad del Trabajo en torno a las tensiones por la delimitación de su función en el Estado peronista / The Dirección de Higiene y Seguridad del Trabajo: tensions around the demarcation of its function in the Peronist State

A mediados del siglo pasado, durante los gobiernos de Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1952/1952-1955), el Estado argentino atravesó profundas transformaciones. En el seno del Poder Ejecutivo, se diseñaron nuevas áreas de incumbencia, entre ellas la de Trabajo y Previsión, con la creación de la Secretaría en 1943 y del Ministerio, seis años más tarde. La organización interna de esta repartición estatal contempló la construcción de una dirección que pretendía incidir en la definición y control de las condiciones de seguridad e higiene en los establecimientos laborales, a cargo del Dr. Leopoldo Bard, una figura de extensa trayectoria profesional y política. Esto representó fricciones con la Secretaría de Salud Pública por asegurar el bienestar, la salud y la productividad de los trabajadores, como parte de un objetivo más abarcativo que buscaba desarrollar servicios sanitarios para la mayoría de la población. Pero también significó la apelación a saberes vinculados a la medicina del trabajo, un campo profesional de contornos poco precisos, atravesado por la relación entre varios perfiles profesionales. Mediante el análisis de publicaciones especializadas y estatales, este trabajo propone, en primer lugar, trazar un panorama sobre la conformación de un campo de la medicina del trabajo en la Argentina de la primera mitad del siglo XX, para luego enfocarse en algunos de los avatares de la organización y funcionamiento de la Dirección de Higiene y Seguridad del Trabajo del área de Trabajo y Previsión durante el primer peronismo

During Peron's presidencies (1946-1952/1952-1955), the Argentinean State underwent a period of profound transformation. The Executive Power became more complex with the development of new areas of intervention, including the creation of the Secretaría de Trabajo y Previsión in 1943 and then of the Ministry six years later. The organization of this area included the construction of an approach designed to influence and control safety and health conditions in a wide range of work settings. This endeavor was led by Dr. Leopoldo Bard, a figure with considerable professional and political experience. The process created tensions with the Secretaría de Salud Pública, because both departments had an interest in the preservation of workers' health as part of a wider strategy to develop health services for the majority of the population. It also represented the utilization of knowledge linked to occupational medicine, still a poorly-defined field in mid-20th century Argentina, in which various professions met and exchanged their expertise. Through analysis of specialist and state publications, this article first reconstructs some highlights of the process by which the field of occupational medicine was shaped during the first decades of the 20th century. It then focuses on the organization and functioning of the Dirección de Higiene y Seguridad del Trabajo of the Trabajo y Previsión area during the years of the so-called First Peronism

[Mobile miniature X-ray evaluation and pneumoconiosis: the role of the Clinica del Lavoro in Milan (1941-1948)]. / La valutazione schermografica delle pneumoconiosis (1941-1948): il ruolo della Clinica del Lavoro di Milano.

Since the end of the 19th century, X-rays have been used to detect lung diseases. In Italy, 207,096 miniature chest radiographs were taken from 1941 to 1948. Traditional radiographs gave better results, but miniature chest radiographs were useful for screening. Indeed, the development of mobile miniature chest radiography units resulted in an improvement in mass X-rays screening for the detection of penumoconiosis. These mobile miniature units were mounted on a bus chassis, a solution that allowed to easily reach workers. The authors analyze some models of X-ray wagon units used by the "Clinica del Lavoro" in Milan in the 1950s. From the point of view of medical museology, the preservation of these devices requires appropriate spaces.